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    respiratory

    Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

    Also known as: BPD, chronic lung disease of prematurity, neonatal chronic lung disease

    Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease affecting mainly premature infants who required prolonged respiratory support. Management is multidisciplinary and complementary medicine is strictly adjunctive.

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    Lifestyle & Diet

    • •Avoid tobacco smoke exposure and maintain recommended vaccinations. [1,2]

    Cautions & Contraindications

    See sources
    • •Do not claim acupuncture or herbal medicine treats or reverses BPD. [1,5][,]
    • •Do not needle medically unstable infants or perform deep thoracic needling. [5][]
    • •Do not prescribe Má Huáng, Fù Zǐ, Cǎo Wū or Chuān Wū. [5][]

    When to reassess or seek care again

    See sources
    Review timelines
    • •Review respiratory effort, oxygen requirements, feeding and growth.
    • •Escalate any worsening respiratory symptoms immediately.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can acupuncture treat BPD?+

    No. It must never replace specialist neonatal or paediatric respiratory care. [1,5]

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    Sources & Further Reading

    Clinical guidance, red flags and safety notes on this page draw on the following current sources alongside the classical references above.

    1. European Respiratory Society guideline on bronchopulmonary dysplasia
      2020
    2. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne
      2025
    3. American Academy of Pediatrics
      2023
    4. Huáng Dì Nèi Jīng
      200
    5. WHO Benchmarks for the practice of acupuncture
      2021

    Educational reference for licensed practitioners. Not a substitute for individual clinical assessment. Refer to conventional care for any red-flag or undiagnosed presentation.