Constipation

Also known as: Constipation, Chronic constipation, Functional constipation, Slow transit constipation, IBS with constipation, IBS-C

Constipation means infrequent, hard or difficult-to-pass stools and is one of the most common digestive complaints, affecting up to one in five adults. Most cases are functional, related to low fibre and fluid intake, inactivity, ignoring the urge, medicines (opioids, iron, some antidepressants) or life stage, but constipation can signal conditions such as hypothyroidism, diabetes or bowel obstruction [1][2]. First-line management is dietary fibre, fluids, activity and toileting habits, with laxatives used when needed; persistent or changing symptoms warrant medical review [1][2][3]. Randomised trials and meta-analyses suggest acupuncture, particularly electroacupuncture, may improve bowel frequency in chronic functional constipation, though study quality varies [4][5]. In Chinese medicine constipation is differentiated by pattern: Heat accumulating in the Stomach and Large Intestine, Qi stagnation, Qi and Blood deficiency, and Yang deficiency with Cold, each with distinct stool character, accompanying signs and treatment.